Reply to Kurtzer and Herter

Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task.

The present study examined muscular activity in the primate proximal forelimb during a posture task. By applying loads selectively to the shoulder, elbow, or both joints, we observed that monoarticular shoulder and elbow muscles varied their activity with loads at the unspanned joint. Shoulder monoarticulars changed activity with elbow torque and elbow monoarticulars changed activity with shoul...

Npgrj_nn_1420 498..504

Accurately maintaining a fixed limb posture and quickly moving between postures underlies both everyday skills, including holding and lifting a cup of coffee, and expert skills, such as an Olympic wrestler’s holding and throwing an opponent. A fundamental question in limb motor control is whether the brain manages these contrasting goals of posture and movement through a single, robust control ...

Nonuniform distribution of reach-related and torque-related activity in upper arm muscles and neurons of primary motor cortex.

The present study examined the activity of primate shoulder and elbow muscles using a novel reaching task. We enforced similar patterns of center-out movement while the animals countered viscous loads at their shoulder, elbow, both joints, or neither joint. Accordingly, we could examine reach-related activity during the unloaded condition and torque-related activity by comparing activity across...

Title : Long - latency responses during reaching account for the mechanical 1 interaction between the shoulder and elbow joints 2 3 Abbreviated Title : feedback

Authors and addresses: 5 Isaac Kurtzer, J. Andrew Pruszynski, and Stephen H. Scott 6 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Anatomy & 7 Cell Biology, and Department of Medicine 8 Queen's University, Kingston, ON Canada K7L 3N6 9 10 Corresponding author: 11 Isaac Kurtzer, Ph.D. 12 Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Botterell Hall Rm 232 13 Queen's University, Kingston, ON Canada K7L 3N6 14...

Christian A. Herter, 1906